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Thermogalvanic cell
A thermogalvanic cell is a kind of galvanic cell in which heat is employed to provide electrical power directly.〔Chum, HL; Osteryoung, RA (1980). “Review of thermally regenerative electrochemical systems. Volume 1: Synopsis and executive summary”. Solar Energy Research Institute pp. 35-40.〕〔Quickenden, TI; Vernon, CF (1986). “Thermogalvanic conversion of heat to electricity”. Solar Energy 36 (1): 63-72.〕 These cells are electrochemical cells in which the two electrodes are deliberately maintained at different temperatures. This temperature difference generates a potential difference between the electrodes.〔〔Zito Jr, R (1963). “Thermogalvanic energy conversion”. AIAA J 1 (9): 2133-8.〕 The electrodes can be of identical composition and the electrolyte solution homogeneous. This is usually the case in these cells.〔Chum, HL; Osteryoung, RA (1981). “Review of thermally regenerative electrochemical systems. Volume 2”. Solar Energy Research Institute pp. 115-148.〕 This is in contrast to galvanic cells in which electrodes and/or solutions of different composition provide the electromotive potential. As long as there is a difference in temperature between the electrodes a current will flow through the circuit. A thermogalvanic cell can be seen as analogous to a concentration cell but instead of running on differences in the concentration/pressure of the reactants they make use of differences in the "concentrations" of thermal energy.〔Tester, JW (1992). “Evaluation of thermogalvanic cells for the conversion of heat to electricity”. Report to Crucible Ventures. Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technologogy, Cambridge, Massachusetts. MIT-EL 92-007.〕〔Quickenden, TI; Mua, Y (1995). “A review of power generation in aqueous thermogalvanic cells”. J Electrochem Soc 142 (11): 3985-94.〕〔Gunawan, A; Lin, CH; Buttry, DA; Mujica, V; Taylor, RA; Prasher, RS; Phelan, PE (2013). “Liquid thermoelectrics: review of recent and limited new data of thermogalvanic cell experiments”. Nanoscale Microscale Thermophys Eng 17: 304-23. doi: 10.1080/15567265.2013.776149〕 The principal application of thermogalvanic cells is the production of electricity from low-temperature heat sources (waste heat and solar heat). Their energetic efficiency is low, in the range of 0.1% to 1% for conversion of heat into electricity.〔
==History==
The use of heat to empower galvanic cells was first studied around 1880.〔Bouty, E (1880). “Phénomènes Thermo-électriques et Électro-thermiques au Contact d’un Métal et d’un Liquid (and electro-thermal phenomena at the contact between a metal and a liquid ). J Phys 9: 229-241.〕 However it was not until the decade of 1950 that more serious research was undertaken in this field.〔Agar, JN (1963). “Thermogalvanic cells”. Advances in electrochemistry and electrochemical engineering (Ed. Delahay, P, and Tobias, CW) Interscience, New York; vol. 3 pp. 31-121.〕
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